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Disease Profile

Central diabetes insipidus

Prevalence
Prevalence estimates on Rare Medical Network websites are calculated based on data available from numerous sources, including US and European government statistics, the NIH, Orphanet, and published epidemiologic studies. Rare disease population data is recognized to be highly variable, and based on a wide variety of source data and methodologies, so the prevalence data on this site should be assumed to be estimated and cannot be considered to be absolutely correct.

1-9 / 100 000

US Estimated

Europe Estimated

Age of onset

Childhood

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ICD-10

E23.2

Inheritance

Autosomal dominant A pathogenic variant in only one gene copy in each cell is sufficient to cause an autosomal dominant disease.

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Autosomal recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of each gene of the chromosome are needed to cause an autosomal recessive disease and observe the mutant phenotype.

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X-linked
dominant X-linked dominant inheritance, sometimes referred to as X-linked dominance, is a mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome.

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X-linked
recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of a gene on the X chromosome cause an X-linked recessive disorder.

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Mitochondrial or multigenic Mitochondrial genetic disorders can be caused by changes (mutations) in either the mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA that lead to dysfunction of the mitochondria and inadequate production of energy.

Multigenic or multifactor Inheritance involving many factors, of which at least one is genetic but none is of overwhelming importance, as in the causation of a disease by multiple genetic and environmental factors.

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Not applicable

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Other names (AKA)

Diabetes insipidus neurogenic; Neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus; Pituitary diabetes insipidus;

Categories

Metabolic disorders

Summary

Central diabetes insipidus (DI) is a form of DI that occurs when the body has lower than normal levels of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin), which is characterized by frequent urination.[1][2] Diabetes insipidus is subdivided into central and nephrogenic DI. Two other forms are gestational DI and primary polydipsia (dipsogenic DI). Central DI results from damage to the pituitary gland, which disrupts the normal storage and release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). When this hormone reaches the kidneys, it directs them to make less urine. The major symptoms of central diabetes insipidus (DI) include urinating too much (polyuria), getting up at night to urinate (nocturia), and drinking too much liquids (polydipsia).  Damage to the pituitary gland can be caused by different diseases as well as by head injuries, neurosurgery, or genetic disorders.[2] The three main options for the treatment of central DI include a synthetic hormone called desmopressin, which can be taken by as an injection, a nasal spray, or a pill; other drugs, such as chlorpropamide, carbamazepine, thiazide diuretics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; and a low-solute (mostly low-sodium, lowprotein) diet.[3]

Symptoms

This table lists symptoms that people with this disease may have. For most diseases, symptoms will vary from person to person. People with the same disease may not have all the symptoms listed. This information comes from a database called the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) . The HPO collects information on symptoms that have been described in medical resources. The HPO is updated regularly. Use the HPO ID to access more in-depth information about a symptom.

Medical Terms Other Names
Learn More:
HPO ID
80%-99% of people have these symptoms
Anorexia
0002039
Dehydration
0001944
Diabetes insipidus
0000873
Failure to thrive
Faltering weight
Weight faltering

[ more ]

0001508
Nocturia
0000017
Polydipsia
Extreme thirst
0001959
Weight loss
0001824
30%-79% of people have these symptoms
Anxiety
Excessive, persistent worry and fear
0000739
Depressivity
Depression
0000716
Excessive daytime somnolence
Excessive daytime sleepiness
More than typical sleepiness during day

[ more ]

0001262
Fever
0001945
Headache
Headaches
0002315
Lethargy
0001254
5%-29% of people have these symptoms
Diarrhea
Watery stool
0002014
Hyponatremia
Low blood sodium levels
0002902
Nausea and vomiting
0002017
Seizure
0001250
Percent of people who have these symptoms is not available through HPO
Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis
Laboratory abnormality
Metabolism abnormality

[ more ]

0001939
Autosomal dominant inheritance
0000006
Gliosis
0002171
Hypertelorism
Wide-set eyes
Widely spaced eyes

[ more ]

0000316
Long philtrum
0000343
Osteopenia
0000938
Short nose
Decreased length of nose
Shortened nose

[ more ]

0003196
Wide nose
Broad nose
Increased breadth of nose
Increased nasal breadth
Increased nasal width
Increased width of nose

[ more ]

0000445

Treatment

The resources below provide information about treatment options for this condition. If you have questions about which treatment is right for you, talk to your healthcare professional.

Management Guidelines

  • Orphanet Emergency Guidelines is an article which is expert-authored and peer-reviewed that is intended to guide health care professionals in emergency situations involving this condition.

Learn more

These resources provide more information about this condition or associated symptoms. The in-depth resources contain medical and scientific language that may be hard to understand. You may want to review these resources with a medical professional.

Where to Start

In-Depth Information

  • Medscape Reference provides information on this topic. You may need to register to view the medical textbook, but registration is free.
  • The Monarch Initiative brings together data about this condition from humans and other species to help physicians and biomedical researchers. Monarch’s tools are designed to make it easier to compare the signs and symptoms (phenotypes) of different diseases and discover common features. This initiative is a collaboration between several academic institutions across the world and is funded by the National Institutes of Health. Visit the website to explore the biology of this condition.
  • Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. Each entry has a summary of related medical articles. It is meant for health care professionals and researchers. OMIM is maintained by Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. 
  • Orphanet is a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Access to this database is free of charge.
  • PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Central diabetes insipidus. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic.

References

  1. Diabetes insipidus central. MedlinePlus. 2015; https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000460.htm.
  2. Diabetes Insipidus. National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse. 2015; https://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/insipidus/.
  3. Bichet DG. Treatment of central diabetes insipidus. UpToDate. 216; https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-central-diabetes-insipidus?source=search_result&search=central+diabetes+insipidus&selectedTitle=1~54.